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Corals and a cephalopod from the Whirlpool Formation (latest Ordovician, Hirnantian), Hamilton, Ontario: biostratigraphic and biogeographic significance
- Robert J. Elias, Roger A. Hewitt
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 97 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 September 2023, pp. 805-822
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Solitary rugose corals assigned to Streptelasma rutkae n. sp. and an annulated orthoconic cephalopod identified as Gorbyoceras sp. occur in nearshore shallow-marine sandstone of the Whirlpool Formation in Hamilton, southern Ontario. They are the first macrofossils contributing to a modern understanding of the age and correlation of this stratigraphic unit. Streptelasma rutkae most closely resembles S. subregulare (Savage, 1913), which occurs widely in the Edgewood Province of the east-central United States, in strata considered latest Ordovician (Hirnantian). Gorbyoceras ranges into the latest Katian (latest Richmondian) in the Cincinnati Arch region. Thus, the occurrences of S. rutkae and Gorbyoceras sp. support other biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data suggesting that the Whirlpool Formation is latest Ordovician, rather than earliest Silurian as traditionally thought. They also indicate paleogeographic connections between the area of Whirlpool deposition in Ontario and the Edgewood Province and Cincinnati Arch region in the east-central United States
UUID: http://zoobank.org/d1ded814-204d-4070-a469-52d3b6e259c7
Practical Utilization of Uranium-Containing Particulate Test Samples for SEM/EDS and SIMS Automated Particle Analysis Method Validation
- Matthew S. Wellons, Michael A. DeVore II, Robert M. Rogers, Joshua T. Hewitt, Todd L. Williamson, Travis J. Tenner, Taghi Darroudi
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 23 / Issue S1 / July 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2017, pp. 514-515
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- July 2017
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Finite-element analysis of simulated ammonoid septa (extinct Cephalopoda): septal and sutural complexities do not reduce strength
- Marwan A. Hassan, Gerd E. G. Westermann, Roger A. Hewitt, Mohamed A. Dokainish
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- Journal:
- Paleobiology / Volume 28 / Issue 1 / Winter 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 February 2016, pp. 113-126
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Finite-element analysis of circular septum models indicates that (1) anticlastic fluting weakened the last septa of the same radius of curvature by a factor of about 2.5 relative to the tensile stresses in a sphere of nacre, (2) septa with ammonitic sutures were stronger than those with goniatitic sutures of the same thickness, and (3) septa with more “complex” ammonitic sutures were stronger at the edge between lobes and saddles than “simple” ones. These results contradict recent claims that ammonoid septa became weaker as sutural complexity increased from goniatitic through ammonitic, so that the most complex sutures were limited to the shallowest habitats. The smaller marginal flutes of complex septa were relatively strong, allowing them to be thinner than the central septum and still act as elastic wall supports. Many Mesozoic ammonoids with highly sinuous sutures occurred in deep epeiric and open-ocean habitats, whereas it is those with secondarily reduced, ceratitic sutures that were typically associated with restricted shallow basins.
Recurrences of hypotheses about ammonites and Argonauta
- Roger A. Hewitt, Gerd E. G. Westermann
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 77 / Issue 4 / July 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 July 2015, pp. 792-795
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The Murchison Widefield Array Correlator
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- S. M. Ord, B. Crosse, D. Emrich, D. Pallot, R. B. Wayth, M. A. Clark, S. E. Tremblay, W. Arcus, D. Barnes, M. Bell, G. Bernardi, N. D. R. Bhat, J. D. Bowman, F. Briggs, J. D. Bunton, R. J. Cappallo, B. E. Corey, A. A. Deshpande, L. deSouza, A. Ewell-Wice, L. Feng, R. Goeke, L. J. Greenhill, B. J. Hazelton, D. Herne, J. N. Hewitt, L. Hindson, N. Hurley-Walker, D. Jacobs, M. Johnston-Hollitt, D. L. Kaplan, J. C. Kasper, B. B. Kincaid, R. Koenig, E. Kratzenberg, N. Kudryavtseva, E. Lenc, C. J. Lonsdale, M. J. Lynch, B. McKinley, S. R. McWhirter, D. A. Mitchell, M. F. Morales, E. Morgan, D. Oberoi, A. Offringa, J. Pathikulangara, B. Pindor, T. Prabu, P. Procopio, R. A. Remillard, J. Riding, A. E. E. Rogers, A. Roshi, J. E. Salah, R. J. Sault, N. Udaya Shankar, K. S. Srivani, J. Stevens, R. Subrahmanyan, S. J. Tingay, M. Waterson, R. L. Webster, A. R. Whitney, A. Williams, C. L. Williams, J. S. B. Wyithe
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 32 / 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 March 2015, e006
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The Murchison Widefield Array is a Square Kilometre Array Precursor. The telescope is located at the Murchison Radio–astronomy Observatory in Western Australia. The MWA consists of 4 096 dipoles arranged into 128 dual polarisation aperture arrays forming a connected element interferometer that cross-correlates signals from all 256 inputs. A hybrid approach to the correlation task is employed, with some processing stages being performed by bespoke hardware, based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, and others by Graphics Processing Units housed in general purpose rack mounted servers. The correlation capability required is approximately 8 tera floating point operations per second. The MWA has commenced operations and the correlator is generating 8.3 TB day−1 of correlation products, that are subsequently transferred 700 km from the MRO to Perth (WA) in real-time for storage and offline processing. In this paper, we outline the correlator design, signal path, and processing elements and present the data format for the internal and external interfaces.
The Murchison Widefield Array Commissioning Survey: A Low-Frequency Catalogue of 14 110 Compact Radio Sources over 6 100 Square Degrees
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- Natasha Hurley-Walker, John Morgan, Randall B. Wayth, Paul J. Hancock, Martin E. Bell, Gianni Bernardi, Ramesh Bhat, Frank Briggs, Avinash A. Deshpande, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Lu Feng, Bryna J. Hazelton, Luke Hindson, Daniel C. Jacobs, David L. Kaplan, Nadia Kudryavtseva, Emil Lenc, Benjamin McKinley, Daniel Mitchell, Bart Pindor, Pietro Procopio, Divya Oberoi, André Offringa, Stephen Ord, Jennifer Riding, Judd D. Bowman, Roger Cappallo, Brian Corey, David Emrich, B. M. Gaensler, Robert Goeke, Lincoln Greenhill, Jacqueline Hewitt, Melanie Johnston-Hollitt, Justin Kasper, Eric Kratzenberg, Colin Lonsdale, Mervyn Lynch, Russell McWhirter, Miguel F. Morales, Edward Morgan, Thiagaraj Prabu, Alan Rogers, Anish Roshi, Udaya Shankar, K. Srivani, Ravi Subrahmanyan, Steven Tingay, Mark Waterson, Rachel Webster, Alan Whitney, Andrew Williams, Chris Williams
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 31 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 November 2014, e045
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We present the results of an approximately 6 100 deg2 104–196 MHz radio sky survey performed with the Murchison Widefield Array during instrument commissioning between 2012 September and 2012 December: the MWACS. The data were taken as meridian drift scans with two different 32-antenna sub-arrays that were available during the commissioning period. The survey covers approximately 20.5 h < RA < 8.5 h, − 58° < Dec < −14°over three frequency bands centred on 119, 150 and 180 MHz, with image resolutions of 6–3 arcmin. The catalogue has 3 arcmin angular resolution and a typical noise level of 40 mJy beam− 1, with reduced sensitivity near the field boundaries and bright sources. We describe the data reduction strategy, based upon mosaicked snapshots, flux density calibration, and source-finding method. We present a catalogue of flux density and spectral index measurements for 14 110 sources, extracted from the mosaic, 1 247 of which are sub-components of complexes of sources.
Science with the Murchison Widefield Array
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- Judd D. Bowman, Iver Cairns, David L. Kaplan, Tara Murphy, Divya Oberoi, Lister Staveley-Smith, Wayne Arcus, David G. Barnes, Gianni Bernardi, Frank H. Briggs, Shea Brown, John D. Bunton, Adam J. Burgasser, Roger J. Cappallo, Shami Chatterjee, Brian E. Corey, Anthea Coster, Avinash Deshpande, Ludi deSouza, David Emrich, Philip Erickson, Robert F. Goeke, B. M. Gaensler, Lincoln J. Greenhill, Lisa Harvey-Smith, Bryna J. Hazelton, David Herne, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Melanie Johnston-Hollitt, Justin C. Kasper, Barton B. Kincaid, Ronald Koenig, Eric Kratzenberg, Colin J. Lonsdale, Mervyn J. Lynch, Lynn D. Matthews, S. Russell McWhirter, Daniel A. Mitchell, Miguel F. Morales, Edward H. Morgan, Stephen M. Ord, Joseph Pathikulangara, Thiagaraj Prabu, Ronald A. Remillard, Timothy Robishaw, Alan E. E. Rogers, Anish A. Roshi, Joseph E. Salah, Robert J. Sault, N. Udaya Shankar, K. S. Srivani, Jamie B. Stevens, Ravi Subrahmanyan, Steven J. Tingay, Randall B. Wayth, Mark Waterson, Rachel L. Webster, Alan R. Whitney, Andrew J. Williams, Christopher L. Williams, J. Stuart B. Wyithe
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 30 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2013, e031
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Significant new opportunities for astrophysics and cosmology have been identified at low radio frequencies. The Murchison Widefield Array is the first telescope in the southern hemisphere designed specifically to explore the low-frequency astronomical sky between 80 and 300 MHz with arcminute angular resolution and high survey efficiency. The telescope will enable new advances along four key science themes, including searching for redshifted 21-cm emission from the EoR in the early Universe; Galactic and extragalactic all-sky southern hemisphere surveys; time-domain astrophysics; and solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric science and space weather. The Murchison Widefield Array is located in Western Australia at the site of the planned Square Kilometre Array (SKA) low-band telescope and is the only low-frequency SKA precursor facility. In this paper, we review the performance properties of the Murchison Widefield Array and describe its primary scientific objectives.
The Murchison Widefield Array: The Square Kilometre Array Precursor at Low Radio Frequencies
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- S. J. Tingay, R. Goeke, J. D. Bowman, D. Emrich, S. M. Ord, D. A. Mitchell, M. F. Morales, T. Booler, B. Crosse, R. B. Wayth, C. J. Lonsdale, S. Tremblay, D. Pallot, T. Colegate, A. Wicenec, N. Kudryavtseva, W. Arcus, D. Barnes, G. Bernardi, F. Briggs, S. Burns, J. D. Bunton, R. J. Cappallo, B. E. Corey, A. Deshpande, L. Desouza, B. M. Gaensler, L. J. Greenhill, P. J. Hall, B. J. Hazelton, D. Herne, J. N. Hewitt, M. Johnston-Hollitt, D. L. Kaplan, J. C. Kasper, B. B. Kincaid, R. Koenig, E. Kratzenberg, M. J. Lynch, B. Mckinley, S. R. Mcwhirter, E. Morgan, D. Oberoi, J. Pathikulangara, T. Prabu, R. A. Remillard, A. E. E. Rogers, A. Roshi, J. E. Salah, R. J. Sault, N. Udaya-Shankar, F. Schlagenhaufer, K. S. Srivani, J. Stevens, R. Subrahmanyan, M. Waterson, R. L. Webster, A. R. Whitney, A. Williams, C. L. Williams, J. S. B. Wyithe
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- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 30 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 January 2013, e007
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The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is one of three Square Kilometre Array Precursor telescopes and is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in the Murchison Shire of the mid-west of Western Australia, a location chosen for its extremely low levels of radio frequency interference. The MWA operates at low radio frequencies, 80–300 MHz, with a processed bandwidth of 30.72 MHz for both linear polarisations, and consists of 128 aperture arrays (known as tiles) distributed over a ~3-km diameter area. Novel hybrid hardware/software correlation and a real-time imaging and calibration systems comprise the MWA signal processing backend. In this paper, the as-built MWA is described both at a system and sub-system level, the expected performance of the array is presented, and the science goals of the instrument are summarised.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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Appendix B - The shamans of the ǀXam
- Roger Hewitt
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- Structure, Meaning and Ritual in the Narratives of the Southern San
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Summary
During the 1930s a substantial number of texts were published by Miss Dorothea Bleek (1931–36, Parts VI–VIII) in which several ǀXam informants, from the Katkop and Strontberg areas of South Africa, described their beliefs and customs with regard to shamans. The ǀXam word !giten was originally translated as ‘sorcerers’ by Miss Bleek's aunt, L.C. Lloyd. Dorothea Bleek herself sometimes used the word ‘medicine men’ to describe the same people. In the account which follows the published texts have been drawn upon together with the remainder of the unpublished material collected by Bleek and Lloyd, in an attempt to organise what is known of these shamans. The general term used here for them is ‘shaman’ but the term favoured by Isaac Schapera (1930: 195ff), ‘magician’, has also been used in places where it makes the sense clearer.
The ǀXam had one word, !gi:xa, for people with special ‘magical’ powers. This applied to rainmakers, medicine men/women and those with a magical influence over certain animals. Rainmakers were said to ‘possess’ rain and game ‘magicians’ to ‘possess’ certain animals. This possession was not exactly one of control, rather it was an ownership of powers capable of influencing these things. While the word !gi:xa was generally used indiscriminately to describe all of these offices, one also finds the word for rain ‘magicians’ used (!khwa-ka !giten, !giten being the plural form of !gi:xa) or, in the case of game ‘magicians’, the name of an animal added to !gi:xa (wai-ta !gi:xa, springbok ‘magician’) as a means of differentiation. Sometimes these offices overlapped and it was usual for game ‘magicians’ also to be curers (L. II, (37), p. 3337 rev.). Game ‘magicians’ and curers could be of either sex but rainmakers seem to have been exclusively male.
Rainmakers
Rainmaking was mainly the province of older, experienced men who were requested, usually by a relative, to make rain at certain times. They were free to accept or refuse the request but from the texts they do not appear to have been paid for their services. It was thought good manners, however, to fetch water once for the rainmaker after he had successfully made rain. The people usually asked a member of the band who was in some way close to the rainmaker to make a request on their behalf but occasionally the rainmaker would do his work unprompted.
9 - |Kaggen in belief, ritual and narrative: a synthesis
- Roger Hewitt
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Summary
In Chapter 6 it was observed how, in the religious beliefs of the ǀXam, ǀKaggen had a creative aspect which was beneficial to man, and another aspect, opposed the human world, which acted in the interests of various game animals. In his creative aspect he had the attributes of a transformer of the world: he was credited with making the moon, creating the game animals and having named places. His negative aspect was, in part, complementary to this for he protected the animals which he had created and attempted to prevent the ǀXam hunters from killing them. However, young mothers and hunters both needed to be guarded against him.
In the narratives these two aspects are also present. ǀKaggen, the creative if incidental benefactor, actually helps those whose lives are endangered, both in the narratives of group B and in two narratives of group A (M6, M10). The belief that he created the game animals is given narrative form in M1 where he creates the eland, and the belief that he made the moon is also turned directly into narrative in one conclusion to that same story. In belief and narrative he is always for life even if the order which humans attempt to place on life is anathema to him. His constant fighting, anti-social behaviour, economic irresponsibility and outrageous boastfulness, seen everywhere in group A, are clearly also a reflection of the kind of being he was. Indeed the thematic pairs Life/Death and Social/Non-Social, found in the narratives, may also be seen to be present in the purely religious aspect.
The position ascribed to ǀKaggen on the borderline between amenable and unamenable nature was a corollary of his marginality with regard to the moral and empirical universe articulated in the narratives. In religious belief and observance ǀKaggen stood for the world of game animals and sought to exclude the influence of men. In other superstitions and religious beliefs of the ǀXam the autonomous ‘wildness’ of game – game acting in strange and unpredictable ways which put them beyond the hunters’ skills – was causally related to many disruptive social events, from unruly behaviour in the camp on the part of women and children, illness or a death in the band, to a glance from the eye of a menstruating girl or failure to observe certain eating rules known as !nanna-se (Bleek & Lloyd 1911: 270ff).
11 - The verbal surface: a note on the narrators
- Roger Hewitt
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Summary
Of the six main informants used by Bleek and Lloyd, ǀA!kungta and ǂKasing gave too few narratives for even the vaguest picture of their styles to emerge, while !Kweiten ta ǁken rarely managed to give a coherent performance in the conditions under which collecting took place. Her narratives are only occasionally free from interjections which run ahead of events in the plot, and it is clear that she found the method of transcription an obstacle to giving narratives animated by any real enthusiasm. The example of her performance of the story of the girl who killed the Waterchildren (mentioned in Chapter 4) is typical of her performance in general. Occasionally showing some engagement with the narrative, isolated passages stand out vividly from a basically perfunctory account of the main events. Little or no elaboration is given and snatches of chant or song are only very rarely included. Her narratives are also amongst the shortest in the collection, only occasionally exceeding 20 pages of manuscript, while some of the other informants gave narratives which run into hundreds of pages.
!Kweiten ta ǁken's performances point out the major problem of discussing the different styles of narration displayed by the various informants, for it is clear that what is available is not how the narrators told stories to ǀXam audiences, but how they responded to the particular situation of carefully dictating narratives in a completely alien environment to people of another race and culture. !Kweiten ta ǁken's performances can in no way be taken as indications of how she might have performed to a ǀXam audience, and, indeed, the times when she does manage to animate her narratives, suggest that under different circumstances her performance may have been quite different.
The informants who did achieve an ease in their narrations, under these conditions, were Dia!kwain (!Kweiten ta ǁken's brother), ǁKabbo, and ǀHang ǂkass'o, but even these informants were influenced in various ways by the situation in which they found themselves. Their styles will be discussed below. Before doing so, however, a few points can be made about the verbal techniques which were common to all of the narrators.
7 - The |Kaggen narratives (1): characters and content
- Roger Hewitt
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Summary
Of the 21 narratives relating to ǀKaggen collected by Bleek and Lloyd, 15 emphasise ǀKaggen's quarrelsome, greedy and anti-social nature, while the remaining six portray him as primarily benevolent and helpful. His character in this latter group of narratives most closely resembles the ǀKaggen of von Wielligh's collection – that of the benevolent overseer intervening helpfully in the affairs of others. While there are several points of overlap between these two groups, so radical is the difference between the character of ǀKaggen in each group, and so different is his role within the narratives, that it is necessary to treat them separately.
Paul Radin discovered a similar dichotomy in the trickster cycle of the Winnebago Indians but regarded it as the intrusion of one distinct group of culture-hero narratives upon another purely trickster-centred cycle (Radin 1956: 155ff). However, given ǀKaggen's dual religious nature there are more grounds for assuming that the ǀXam narratives reveal a genuine ambiguity concerning ǀKaggen's character than that they represent a welding together of disparate groups.
What shall be termed ‘Group A’ contains the following narratives:
M1. ǀKaggen and the Eland (five versions)
M2. ǀKaggen and !Goe !kweitɘntu (three versions)
M3. A Visit to the Lions (two versions)
M4. ǀKaggen and the Cat (two versions)
M5. ǀKaggen and the Aard-wolf (two versions)
M6. !Gãunu ts'axau and the Baboons (one version)
M7. ǀKaggen and the Magic Bird (two versions)
M8. ǀKaggen Takes Away the Ticks’ Sheep (three versions)
M9. ǀKaggen and ǁKwai-hɛm (two versions)
M10. ǀKaggen and the Elephants (two versions)
M11. ǀKaggen, ǀKwammang-a and the Dassies (three versions)
M12. ǀKaggen and the Koro-twi:tɘn (one version)
M13. ǀKaggen and ǀKu-te-!gaua (one version)
M14. ǀKaggen Assumes the Form of a Hartebeest (one version)
M15. ǀKaggen and the Leopard Tortoise (one version)
Group B contains:
M16. ǀKaggen, the ǀKain-ǀkai:n and the Girls (one version)
M17. The Wildebeest, the Mice and the Quaggas (one version)
M18. The Lizard, his Daughter and the Mice (one version)
M19. The Mice and the Beetle (one version)
M20. The Blue Crane's Story (one version)
M21. The Children and the !Khwai-!khwai (one version)
The validity of this division will become more apparent as the discussion proceeds but, apart from the difference in ǀKaggen's character in each group, certain other differences may also be mentioned at this stage. All group A narratives situate ǀKaggen within the same family unit.
Dedication
- Roger Hewitt
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1 - Ethnographic background
- Roger Hewitt
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Summary
The ǀXam once occupied much of the Calvinia, Prieska and Kenhardt districts of the Republic of South Africa. Their language, with only slight regional differences, was spoken in many parts of the country west of Port Elizabeth and south of the Gariep River. It is likely, but not certain, that all of the speakers of this language called themselves the ǀXam.
All of these ǀXam-speakers are now extinct; many thousands were killed off by white farmers and others, between the early 18th and late 19th centuries. By the first decade of the 20th century numbers were so depleted and their culture so eroded that extinction became inevitable. In the northwestern Cape this process had begun much later than elsewhere because the inhospitable climate and poor farming conditions discouraged white settlement. The northwestern Cape, therefore, formed a pocket in which the San survived longer than they did further to the east and south. However, after the mid-19th century, penetration by the farmers into even this arid country caused severe reductions in the numbers of game animals as farmers hunted with firearms. At the same time the farmers’ cattle broke up the soil crust which supported the plant-life upon which the ǀXam relied for much of their food. The livelihood of the ǀXam was threatened and many were forced to seek employment on the farms.
By the 1870s the process of cultural disintegration was well under way. There is, unfortunately, no information of the extent to which traditional life in this area was maintained under the pressure of European penetration. The texts collected by Bleek and Lloyd often make reference to the beliefs and customs of the informants’ parents, as though these were no longer current. On the other hand, some accounts of rituals, beliefs and social customs are also described as part of contemporary life. This may indicate that while the life of the ǀXam in the Cape was being rapidly destroyed, much still remained intact at the time of collection.
By being both a record of current practices and beliefs, and also containing ethnographic data relating to the period before European settlement in the northwestern Cape, the Bleek and Lloyd texts are the primary source of ethnographic information relating to the ǀXam.
Introduction
- Roger Hewitt
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Summary
This new edition of Structure, Meaning and Ritual in the Narratives ofthe Southern San comes some 20 years after its initial printing and 30 after the text, with few differences, was presented as a doctoral thesis to the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Since then there has been a great deal of excellent scholarship that has explored the Bleek and Lloyd collection of ǀXam texts, housed mainly in the library of the University of Cape Town (UCT), or has added substantially to what we know of the historical context of that collection and its content. At the time of my thesis, however, not only was the location or, indeed, the continued existence of Lucy Lloyd's ǀXam transcriptions – the largest part of the collection – unknown, but the content of Bleek's own notebooks also remained unexplored and the notebooks themselves barely catalogued. Thus it was with something of a gamble that I embarked on a thesis designed to be based alone on those as yet ‘undiscovered’ notebooks. Luckily for me my optimistic digging was rewarded1 and the work that produced this book was able to commence. Naturally the existence of the notebooks did not remain a secret for long, and much useful scholarly work, largely by South African researchers, started to flow.
Much has changed in the intervening years. Even between the presentation of the thesis in 1976 and 1986, when editors from Helmut Buske publishers in Hamburg approached me to ask if they might publish the work, there had grown a greater sensitivity around nomenclature applied to peoples customarily studied by anthropologists. For many years the term ‘Bushmen’ had been used to describe the hunter-gatherers whose click language was closely related to that of the Khoi herders with whom they also shared much of the Cape. Both Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd referred to theirs as a collection of ‘Bushman folklore’. By the late 1970s, however, the Khoi word ‘San’ became widely adopted to describe the various language groups evident amongst the hunter-gatherers, as well as the people themselves. While anthropologists familiarised the reading public with the specific names of some of these – principally the !Kung, made internationally famous by the Marshall expeditions to the Kalahari desert in the 1950s – the term ‘San’ became preferred by many in seeming not to have the derogatory connotations that ‘Bushmen’ might be thought to possess.
10 - Two |Kaggen narratives: compositional variations
- Roger Hewitt
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- Structure, Meaning and Ritual in the Narratives of the Southern San
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Summary
In the foregoing chapters, the ǀKaggen narratives were discussed as a group displaying certain thematic, structural and cultural characteristics. Where single versions of narratives are concerned, however, the interplay between a particular story, its cultural density, and the individual narrator, becomes more visible. By comparing different versions of the same narrative the various ways in which narrators used a theme, plot or symbol can be shown. In this chapter two narratives (M1 and M9) are discussed and special attention is paid to the discrepancies between different versions. M1 and M9 are both narratives which, in certain versions, display more complexity than many of the other ǀKaggen narratives in the collection. M1 is very well known and has long interested students of San parietal art, since it centrally involves an eland, the antelope which features so prominently in rock painting throughout the Republic of South Africa. M9 has been referred to in passing several times in the previous chapters. Structurally and thematically it is anomalous, and, as will be seen, is also singular in other ways. Versions of both of these narratives were published by Dorothea Bleek (1923: 1ff, 34ff).
|Kaggen and the eland (M1)
In Mantis and His Friends Dorothea Bleek presented two versions of a narrative which she entitled ‘Mantis makes an eland’. Her ‘First version’ is a compound summary of three separate narratives, two given by ǁKabbo (B. II, 379–433; L. II, (4) 482–86) and one by Dia!kwain (L. V, (1) 3608–83). Her ‘Second version’ is a summary of a narrative given by ǀHang ǂkass'o (L. VIII, (6) 6505–83). The title is a little misleading as Dia!kwain's version and one of ǁKabbo's versions does not include ǀKaggen making the eland, and the version given by ǁKabbo that does include the eland creation has a quite different conclusion from that given in this published ‘First version’, i.e. it does not conclude with the creation of the moon.
Five versions of a narrative involving ǀKaggen and an eland were collected by Bleek and Lloyd, three from ǁKabbo and one each from Dia!kwain and ǀHang ǂkass'o.
3 - Legends and the stories of !Khwa
- Roger Hewitt
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- Structure, Meaning and Ritual in the Narratives of the Southern San
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Summary
Contained in the Bleek and Lloyd collection are many narratives which are clearly fictional, and a few which are clearly factual. Between these categories there are a number of narratives which appear to be grounded in fact but which contain fictional elements which are elaborated to varying degrees in different narratives. It is evident from such narratives that factual accounts of real events were subjected to a fictionalising process taking place over a long period of time which could ultimately convert the account into pure fiction.
These remarks particularly apply to a small group of narratives which shall be here termed legends. These narratives frequently relate events which could, and probably did, have some foundation in historical fact. They recount the activities of human beings, and these humans, like the animals prior to their transformation into animal form, were said to be !Xwe ǁna s'o !kʔe. In spite of the characters in these narratives being thus called the temporal setting of the stories cannot be regarded as mythological time for they are clearly set in a recent past which was not significantly different from the world of the ǀXam in the 19th century. Furthermore, magic and other non-naturalistic elements are, if not totally absent, usually inessential features of the plot. Thus, as a group, they conform precisely to William Bascom's classification of legends (Bascom 1965: 4f) while some evince those characteristics which Bascom further attributes to narrative material which has moved in the course of time from a factual base towards the fictive. He writes (ibid.):
Reminiscences or anecdotes concern human characters who are known to the narrator or his audience, but apparently they may be retold frequently enough to acquire the style of verbal art and some may be retold after the characters are no longer known at firsthand. They are accepted as truth and can be considered as a sub-type of the legend, or a proto-legend.
It would seem that at some stage during this process the characters described came to be regarded as !Xwe ǁna s'o !kʔe and this designation may itself have legitimated further fictional elaborations.
These legends number only about a dozen although a few of them are amongst the longest and most carefully told in the collection.
Contents
- Roger Hewitt
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Frontmatter
- Roger Hewitt
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